The willingness to forgive among the Wayuu and among people from other indigenous communities in Colombia

Introduction/Objectives: Willingness to forgive has been studied in different situations, however, there are no published studies in Colombia with indigenous populations and taking into account their worldview. The present research was aimed at examining the willingness to forgive of people from various ethnic minorities in Colombia such as the Embera, Nasa, Pijao and Kaamash-Hu communities and focusing in particular on the Wayuu community. Method: An experimental design was used and a cluster analysis was performed. The sample was composed of 159 indigenous adults (30% male) between the ages of 18 and 76, who were shown a series of scenarios describing a common situation in which an orchard was damaged by domestic animals belonging to a neighbour. Three factors were manipulated in the scenario: the severity of the damage, the level of carelessness of the animals' owner, and the animals' owner's explanations and apologetic behaviour. Results: Cluster analysis yielded five qualitatively different positions: Never forgive under any circumstances (6% of the sample, primarily participants from the Embera community), Depends on apology and neglect (15%), Depends on apology, consequences, and neglect (30%, primarily participants from the Kaamash-Hu community), and Almost always forgive (36%, primarily people from the Wayuu community). Conclusion: Thus, there is a convergence between the results of this study and the anthropological observations of the participating ethnic communities. Forgiveness is closely linked to the cosmovision of each indigenous group.

Introducción/Objetivos: La voluntad de perdonar ha sido estudiada en diferentes situaciones, sin embargo, no existen estudios publicados en Colombia con población indígena y teniendo en cuenta su cosmovisión. La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo examinar la voluntad a perdonar de personas de diversas minorías étnicas en Colombia como la comunidad Embera, Nasa, Pijao, Kaamash-Hu y centrándose en particular en la comunidad Wayuu. Método: Se presentaron una serie de escenarios a una muestra de 159 adultos indígenas (30% hombres) de entre 18 y 76 años. Dichos escenarios describían una situación común en la que una huerta era dañada por animales domésticos de un vecino. Se manipularon tres factores en cada escenario: la gravedad del daño, el nivel de descuido del dueño de los animales y, las explicaciones y el comportamiento de disculpa del dueño de los animales. Resultados: El análisis de clústeres arrojó cinco posiciones cualitativamente diferentes: Nunca perdona bajo ninguna circunstancia (6% de la muestra, principalmente participantes de la comunidad Embera), Depende de las disculpas y del descuido (15%), Depende de las disculpas, las consecuencias y el descuido (30%, principalmente participantes de la comunidad Kaamash-Hu), y Casi siempre perdona (36%, principalmente personas de la comunidad Wayuu). Conclusiones: Por tanto, existe una convergencia entre los resultados de este estudio y las observaciones antropológicas que condujeron a la decisión de la Unesco de considerar el sistema de justicia restaurativa de la comunidad Wayuu como un patrimonio inalterable.

Identificación del virus de hepatitis delta genotipo 3 en comunidades andinas y amazónicas del Perú

Introducción. El virus de la hepatitis delta (VHD) es el causante de la forma más severa de la hepatitis viral humana, se asocia con un riesgo alto de fibrosis al hígado y carcinoma hepatocelular (HCC). Existen 8 genotipos del VHD con diferente distribución geográfica. Objetivos. Identificar los genotipos del VHD circulante en Huanta y tres pueblos indígenas de la Amazonía peruana. Métodos. Estudio observacional y transversal, realizado en 582 muestras reactivas para anti-HBc del VHB. Por el método nRT-PCR se procesaron todos los anti VHD positivos, el genotipo fue determinado mediante secuenciamiento directo tipo Sanger y análisis filogenético del fragmento R0. Se utilizaron 111 secuencias de referencia del GenBank. Las 42 secuencias del estudio fueron editadas y ensambladas con programas bioinformáticos. El análisis filogenético y evolutivo se realizó con los programas: Beast V2.5.2, Jmodeltest v2.1.10, Tracer v1.7.1, Tree Annotator y Figtree v1.4.4. Se utilizaron los modelos Bayesianos Yule y Birth Death skyline serial, el MCMC en 30 y 80 millones respectivamente, con el relaxed uncorrelated Exponential molecular clock. Se calcularon las medidas de resumen y de tendencia central utilizando el programa en STATA 14.0. Resultados. La media de la edad fue de 38 años, el 52,8% fueron mujeres. 101 muestras fueron positivas para anticuerpos anti-VHD. El ARN del VHD fue detectado en el 49,5% de las muestras reactivas a ELISA anti-VHD. El análisis filogenético determinó la presencia del genotipo 3. Conclusiones. Se evidencia la presencia del genotipo 3 del VHD en comunidades andinas y amazónicas del Perú.

Introduction. The Hepatitis Delta Virus (HDV) is the cause of the most severe form of human viral hepatitis and is associated with a high risk of liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). There are 8 HDV genotypes with different geographic distribution. Objectives. To identify the genotypes of VHD circulating in Huanta and three indigenous peoples of the Peruvian Amazon. Methods. Observational and cross-sectional study, from 582 reactive samples for anti-HBc-HBV. Anti-HDV positive samples were processed with the nRT-PCR method, genotype was determined by direct Sanger-type sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the R0 fragment. 111 reference sequences from GenBank were used. The 42 sequences of the study were edited y assembled with the bioinformatics programs. Phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis was performed with the following software: Beast v2.5.2, Jmodeltest v2.1.10, Tracer v1.7.1, Tree Annotator and Figtree v1.4.4. The Bayesian Yule and Birth Death skyline serial models were used, the MCMC at 30 and 80 million respectively, with the relaxed uncorrelated Exponential molecular clock. Summary and central tendency measures were calculated using the program in STATA 14.0. Results. The mean age was 38 years, 52.8% were women. 101 samples were positive for anti-HDV antibodies. HDV RNA was detected in 49.5% of the anti-HDV ELISA reactive samples. Phylogenetic analysis determined the presence of genotype 3. Conclusions. The presence of HDV genotype 3 in Andean and Amazonian communities of Peru is evidenced.

Tecnologia digital como instrumento de saúde em uma comunidade indígena no Vale de São Francisco / Digital technology as a tool for health promotion in an indigenous community in the Vale de São Francisco

Resumo: Introdução: As comunidades tradicionais são grupos de indivíduos socialmente organizados que partilham comportamentos econômicos, socioambientais e culturais comuns. Entre elas, destacam-se as comunidades indígenas no Brasil, que vêm sofrendo o impacto da urbanização, do crescimento de doenças crônicas e epidemias e do aumento da insegurança alimentar. Relato de experiência: Este estudo teve como objetivo descrever as experiências da equipe de saúde, quanto ao uso de uma ferramenta de gestão de dados na assistência, em uma comunidade indígena no Nordeste brasileiro. Trata-se de um relato de experiência do uso de uma ferramenta digital nas ações assistenciais em uma comunidade tradicional. A equipe de saúde foi dividida em dois grupos: agentes comunitários de saúde e estudantes de Medicina. Discussão: A descrição das experiências e a análise das narrativas resultaram na identificação de 258 citações, que foram classificadas em 12 categorias, relacionadas ao objeto de estudo. Dentre estas, as questões ligadas aos benefícios da ferramenta foram as mais mencionadas (43,41%), em que os subgrupos abordaram diferentes reflexões. A segunda categoria mais citada se referia às limitações da ferramenta (15,11%), sendo a necessidade do sinal de internet o ponto crítico. Ou seja, esta pesquisa mostra vantagens da ferramenta na atenção à saúde, mas também explicita fragilidades inerentes ao seu uso, de modo a trazer questões importantes dessa vivência e estimular práticas semelhantes. Conclusão: Esse relato de experiência, como método científico, traz importantes questões vivenciadas, relacionadas à aplicabilidade prática de uma ferramenta digital em uma comunidade indígena. Apesar de ser inegável que há pontos de fragilidade evidentes, eles não comprometeram o resultado afirmativo da vivência, melhorando a assistência.

Abstract: Introduction: Traditional communities are groups of socially organized individuals with common economic, socio-environmental, and cultural behaviors. Brazil's indigenous communities are a prime example of these groups, suffering the impact of urbanization, the growth of chronic diseases, epidemics, and increased food insecurity. Experience report: To describe the health team's experiences in the use of a data management tool for care in an indigenous community in northeastern Brazil. Methodology: This is an experience report on the use of a digital tool to assist actions in a traditional community. The health team was divided into community health agents and medical students. Discussion: The description of the experiences and analysis of the narratives resulted in identifying 258 citations, classified into 12 categories related to the study scope. Of these, issues related to benefits of the tool were the most commonly mentioned (43.41%), where the subgroups addressed different reflections. The second most cited category referred to the tool's limitations (15.11%), with the need for an internet connection being the critical point. This research, therefore, shows the tool's advantages in health care but also explains weaknesses inherent to its use, raising important issues of this experience and stimulating similar practices. Conclusion: This experience report, as a scientific method, addresses essential experienced issues related to the practical applicability of a digital tool in an indigenous community. Although it is undeniable that there are obvious points of weakness, these did not compromise the positive result of the experience, and care was improved.

Creencias y actitudes de resistencia a la vacunación contra la COVID-19 en comunidades indígenas de la provincia Cotopaxi / Beliefs and attitudes of resistance to vaccination against COVID-19 in indigenous communities of the Cotopaxi province

La respuesta a la vacunación no es solo un problema sanitario y su caracterización epidemiológica no puede responder únicamente a una perspectiva exclusivamente biomédica sino también de alcances sociales, educativos y económicos de profundo arraigo cultural. El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer las actitudes y creencias en cuatro comunidades indígenas de la provincia Cotopaxi, con respecto al proceso de vacunación. Se estratificaron resultados de los muestreados a fin de explorar si las comunidades indígenas con mayor nivel educativo o mayor asistencia a las charlas educativas sobre vacunación diferían de otras en cuanto a sus actitudes y creencias erróneas sobre este proceso. La comunidad Zq1 mostró ser la de menor nivel educativo, menor porcentaje de asistencia a las charlas educativas y presentó el mayor por ciento de aceptación de la vacunación (75.0%). La mediana de la tasa de creencias erróneas fue mayor para creencias como "Las vacunas no son seguras" (Aq3, Cq4: 9,4 ± 1,1, Gq2: 9,3 ± 1,2, Zq1: 8,8 ± 1,3) y "Las vacunas tienen un propósito oculto" (Aq3: 8,6 ± 1,5, Cq4: 8,7 ± 1,4, Gq2: 9,0 ± 1,3, Zq1: 8,4 ± 1,8)(AU)

The response to vaccination is not only a health problem and its epidemiological characterization cannot only respond to an exclusively biomedical perspective but also to social, educational and economic scopes with deep cultural roots. The objective of this study was to know the attitudes and beliefs in four indigenous communities of the Cotopaxi province, regarding the vaccination process. The results of the sampled were stratified in order to explore whether indigenous communities with a higher educational level or greater attendance at educational talks on vaccination differed from others in terms of their attitudes and erroneous beliefs about this process. The Zq1 community proved to be the one with the lowest educational level, the lowest percentage of attendance at educational talks and had the highest percentage of acceptance of vaccination (75.0%). The median rate of erroneous beliefs was higher for beliefs such as "Vaccines are not safe" (Aq3, Cq4: 9.4 ± 1.1, Gq2: 9.3 ± 1.2, Zq1: 8.8 ± 1 .3) and "Vaccines have a hidden purpose" (Aq3: 8.6 ± 1.5, Cq4: 8.7 ± 1.4, Gq2: 9.0 ± 1.3, Zq1: 8.4 ± 1, 8)(AU)

Etnomedicina en Los Altos de Chiapas, México / Ethnomedicine in The Highlands of Chiapas, Mexico

The objective of the this research was to register the current popular therapeutic use of medicinal plants in the Tzotzil indigenous population, in The Highlands of Chiapas, Mexico. The data were collected from 59 informants (39% men, 61% women) between 20 and 86 years old, through a semi-structured questionnaire in the Tzotzil language. From the information collected, a total of 59 species of medicinal plants were registered, belonging to 55 genera and 37 botanical families. The families Asteraceae (with 6 species and UR=51), Lamiaceae (4, UR=37) and Lauraceae (4, UR=21), are were the most representative in the study area. The highest use value index (UVI) was reported for Matricaria chamomilla (UVI=0.42), Mentha sativa (UVI=0.36) and Ruta graveolens (UVI=0.31). According to the informant consensus factor (ICF), the main pathological categories treated are were of the reproductive system (ICF=0.80), respiratory infections (ICF=0.75) and diseases of the digestive system (ICF=0.70). The species reported and their diversity of uses satisfy the needs of families with socioeconomic deficiencies.

El objetivo de la esta investigación fue registrar el uso terapéutico popular actual de plantas medicinales en la población indígena Tzotzil, en Los Altos de Chiapas, México. Los datos fueron recolectados de 59 informantes (39% hombres, 61% mujeres) entre 20 y 86 años, a través de un cuestionario semiestructurado en el idioma Tzotzil. De la información recabada, se registraron un total de 59 especies de plantas medicinales, pertenecientes a 55 géneros y 37 familias botánicas. Las familias Asteraceae (con 6 especies y RU=51), Lamiaceae (4, RU=37) y Lauraceae (4, RU=21), son fueron las más representativas en el área de estudio. El índice de valor de uso más alto (IVU) se informó para Matricaria chamomilla (IVU=0.42), Mentha sativa (IVU=0.36) y Ruta graveolens (IVU=0.31). Según el factor de consenso del informante (FCI), las principales categorías patológicas tratadas son fueron del sistema reproductivo (ICF=0.80), las infecciones respiratorias (ICF=0.75) y las enfermedades del sistema digestivo (ICF=0.70). Las especies reportadas y su diversidad de usos satisfacen las necesidades de las familias con deficiencias socioeconómicas.

Red local inalámbrica en la comunidad indígena de Otavalo. Ecuador, 2018 / Wireless Local Network in the Indigenous Community of Otavalo. Ecuador, 2018

Introducción Los avances tecnológicos alcanzados en relación con las comunicaciones y la información se vieron potenciados luego de la incorporación de la Web 2.00 y el networking impactando las redes y comunidades virtuales. Los dispositivos con tecnología inalámbrica han impactado la eficacia en las comunicaciones, que facilitan el desarrollo de tareas diversas, ventajosas por su repercusión en la economía, imagen y competitividad. El acceso a dispositivos inteligentes se ha extendido en la población ecuatoriana, donde se trabaja por el reconocimiento a los derechos de los pueblos y comunidades indígenas al respeto de sus culturas, tradiciones, costumbres, valores, saberes y formas de vida, siendo Otavalo una de las ciudades de mayor presencia indígena del país. Objetivo Exponer cómo incorporar la tecnología en lo cotidiano con fines sociales, así como también potenciar el desarrollo y los emprendimientos locales. Metodología A partir de entrevistar al Coordinador Cantonal de las comunidades indígenas otavaleñas, interesado en divulgar e impulsar el desarrollo local, se le explica de las facilidades que brinda la herramienta de la Red Local inalámbrica Kimera, que utiliza software libre y contenido abierto. Luego de un intercambio con la comunidad de Gualsaqui se obtiene el consentimiento y se completa la información de su interés a divulgarse. Conclusiones Se conforma una red local inalámbrica que constituye una propuesta para la divulgación de la historia, sistema legal y datos de la comunidad, información que es de fácil actualización por no exigir de conocimientos técnicos específicos para su personalización(AU)

Introduction Technological progress in relation to communications and information were boosted after incorporating Web 2.00 and networking impacting networks and virtual communities. Devices with wireless technology have impacted the effectiveness of communications, which facilitate the development of diverse tasks, advantageous for their impact on the economy, image and competitiveness. Access to smart devices has spread throughout the Ecuadorian population, where work is being done to recognize the rights of indigenous peoples and communities to respect their cultures, traditions, customs, values, knowledge and ways of life, Otavalo being one of the the cities with the greatest indigenous presence in the country. Objective To show how to incorporate technology in daily life with social purposes, as well as to promote development and local enterprises. Methodology After interviewing the Cantonal Coordinator of the Otavalo indigenous communities, interested in spreading and promoting local development, he is explained about the facilities offered by the Kimera Wireless Local Network tool, which uses free software and open content. After an exchange with the community of Gualsaqui, consent is obtained and the information of interest to be disseminated is complemented. Conclusions A wireless local network is installed that constitutes a proposal for the disclosure of the history, legal system and community data, information that is easy to update because it does not require specific technical knowledge for its customization(AU)

Evaluación de operaciones lógico-matemáticas mediante dos métodos distintos en niños del pueblo indígena Shipibo-Konibo / Assessment of mathematical operations by two different methods in Shipibo-Konibo indigenous children

Se presentan los resultados de una evaluación de las operaciones matemáticas de adición y sustracción, en un grupo de niños de enseñanza primaria (5 niñas y 2 niños) de 7, 9 y 11 años, de una comunidad nativa Shipibo-Konibo de la región Ucayali, en la Amazonía del Perú. Se realizó con dos métodos distintos, la Entrevista Clínico-crítica de Piaget, que incluyó problemas culturalmente contextualizados y material representativo y manipulable como figuras de animales y bolitas para armar collares, y una prueba tradicional de lápiz y papel. Ambas pruebas evaluaron el mismo tipo de operaciones, extraídas de lo que propone el diseño curricular nacional para esos grados. Los resultados muestran que los niños tienen dificultades tanto en la adición como en la sustracción y no logran resolver con éxito todas las tareas. Sin embargo, se pueden observar mejores resultados con la evaluación cualitativa por medio de la entrevista clínico-crítica, en contraste con la evaluación tradicional de lápiz y papel que evidencia resultados mucho más pobres. La primera otorga además mayor información sobre el proceso operativo de los niños y muestra que los niveles de desarrollo de sus competencias matemáticas van de la mano con lo que plantea la teoría piagetiana. Los resultados se discuten señalando la universalidad del conocimiento lógico-matemático y su pertinencia para comprender los procesos de aprendizaje en contextos de diversidad cultural y analizando críticamente el modo en que la evaluación constructivista ofrece mayor información y recursos para los docentes de educación intercultural bilingüe de comunidades amazónicas del Perú.

Elementary-school children from a Shipibo-Konibo indigenous community in the Ucayali region, in the Amazonian rainforest of Perú, were evaluated regarding their abilities to solve addition and subtraction problems. These operations were assessed by two means: through Jean Piaget's clinical-critical method (using culturally contextualized problems and concrete materials such as pictures of Amazonian fish, pictures of arrows, or beads and thread to make necklaces), and by a traditional pencil-and-paper test. Both the clinical interview and the pencil-and-paper test evaluated the same type of operations, which were taken from the national curricular program for these school grades. The Shipibo-Konibo people are an Amazonian indigenous group that speaks a native language in the Panoan family; since most members of this group are fluent in Spanish, however, no translator was needed and the assessments were conducted in Spanish. The Shipibo-Konibo people are principally settled along the Ucayali River in the Amazon rainforest in Perú, although currently many of them have relocated to other areas of the country, including Lima the capital city, in search of better work or education opportunities. After the Asháninka and the Awajún, the Shipibo-Konibo is the third largest Amazonian indigenous group in Perú. Informed consent was obtained following the guidelines of Frisancho, Delgado, and Lam (2015), which are based on previous experience working with Amazonian indigenous communities in the Ucayali region of Peru. As research has shown that individuals from cultural diverse backgrounds may have different expectations for the research process, and may perceive it in a different way than people from industrialized nations (Lakes, Vaughan, Jones, Burke, Baker, & Swanson 2012), informed consent included both individual consent and a communitarian meeting. It also included the donation of gifts (tools, groceries, and other useful items) for the community, and a debriefing meeting with the community's school teachers. The assessment was conducted by two researchers in a school classroom. It took around 30 minutes with the older children and 45 with the younger ones. In all cases the clinical-critical interview was applied first (addition and then subtraction), and finally the pencil-and-paper test. Although a native speaker of shipibo was present during the evaluation, his services were not needed as children were fluent in Spanish. Results show that children have difficulties in the development of both addition and subtraction. They make counting mistakes and have trouble understanding the logic of subtraction (taking a number from another, larger one). Some do not conceptualize subtraction as the opposite of addition and, in consequence, cannot foresee that joining two numbers that were previously separated will result in the same original quantity. Children aged seven were unable to solve any of the operations in the pencil-and-paper test. However, better results were obtained through qualitative, Piagetian assessments, in contrast to the quantitative, pencil-and-paper assessments. During the interviews, children were able to show their cognitive processes and ways of thinking while solving the problems, and with scaffolding, the use of concrete materials such as pictures or beads, and strategic help from the evaluators (Parrat, 2016a, 2016b), many of them were also able to develop a better comprehension of the problem and self-correct their initial answers. Developmental levels for addition and subtraction consistent with Piagetian theory were identified. These levels show a progression from the impossibility of grasping logical addition or subtraction, to the capabilities of psychological reversibility and logical composition of inverse and direct operations. The results are discussed using Piaget's theory and the problem of particulars and universals in cognitive development, and analyzing critically how this kind of assessment can help elementary school teachers respond to the needs of intercultural bilingual education in Peru's Amazonian indigenous communities.

Evolución histórico-política de la salud indígena en caldas: aproximación a la determinación social en salud / Historical-political evolution of indigenous health policy in caldas: an approach to social determination in health / Evolução histórica- política da saúde indígena em caldas: aproximação à determinão social em saúde

Resumen Objetivo: Realizar una aproximación histórica a la evolución del proceso de la salud y la enfermedad en la población indígena del municipio de Riosucio, Caldas, visualizando la determinación social en salud. Método: Se realizó una búsqueda, selección y revisión temática de artículos originales y secundarios escritos en inglés y español, entre 2005 y 2015, en diferentes bases de datos: MedlinePlus, SciELO, PubMed, Cochrane, SeDICI, Dialnet, Latindex y Redalyc. Resultados: Se revisaron 70 artículos, 50 tenían inclusión directa o indirecta sobre la situación histórica o actual de la salud indígena. Esta aproximación histórica a la evolución del proceso de la salud se organizó en tres etapas: la primera que incluye desde la época precolombina, La Conquista, La Colonia hasta mediados del siglo XVII; la segunda entre los siglos XVIII, XIX, e inicios del XX y la tercera etapa a la luz de los cambios que generó la Ley 100 en Colombia, en donde converge la determinación en el campo de la salud indígena con la salud autóctona de la cultura Emberá Chamí. Conclusiones: La población Emberá Chamí, en el departamento de Caldas, es una muestra clara de la situación actual de las condiciones indígenas; destacando principalmente la interculturalidad como fenómeno irreversible y obligatorio en su espacio y tiempo. Saber cómo manejar esta interculturalidad es probablemente la clave de la conservación de la cultura indígena en todos los resguardos de Colombia.

Abstract Objective: To carry out a historical approach to the evolution of the health and disease processes in the indigenous population in the municipality of Riosucio, Caldas, visualizing the social determination in health. Method: A search, selection and thematic review of original and secondary articles written in English and Spanish, published between 2005 and 2015 in the different databases: Medline plus, Scielo, Pubmed, Cochrane, Sedeci, Dialnet, Latindex and Redalyc was made. Results: A total of 70 articles, of which 50 have direct or indirect inclusion on the historical or current situation of indigenous health, were reviewed. This historical approach to the evolution of the health process was organized in three stages: the first stage includes the pre-Columbian era, the conquest, the colony until the middle 17th century; the second stage includes the eighteenth, nineteenth, the beginning of the twentieth century; and the third stage includes the changes brought about by Law 100 in Colombia, where the determination in the field of indigenous health converges with the native health of the Embera Chamí culture. Conclusions: The Embera Chami population in the department of Caldas is a clear example of the current situation of indigenous conditions, highlighting mainly interculturality as an irreversible and obligatory phenomenon in their space and time. Knowing how to handle this interculturality is, probably, the key to preserving indigenous culture in all Colombian shelters.

Resumo Objetivo: Realizar uma aproximação histórica à evolução do processo da saúde e a doença na povoação indígena do município de Riosucio, Caldas, visualizando a determinação social em saúde. Método: Realizou se uma busca, uma seleção e revisão temática de artigos originais e secundários escritos em inglês e espanhol, entre 2005 e 2015, em diferentes bases de dados: MedlinePlus, SciELO, PubMed, Cochrane, SeDICI, Dialnet, Latindex e Redalyc. Resultados: Revisaram se 70 artigos, 50 tinham inclusão direta ou indireta sobre a situação histórica ou atual da saúde indígena. Esta aproximação histórica à evolução do processo da saúde se organizou em três etapas: a primeira que inclui desde a época précolombina, A Conquista, A Colônia até mediados do século XVII; a segunda entre os séculos XVIII, XIX, e inícios do XX e a terceira etapa à luz dos câmbios que gerou a Lei 100 em Colômbia, onde converge a determinação no campo da saúde indígena com a saúde autóctone da cultura Emberá Chamí "Grupo indígena que pertence a região de Riosucio Caldas- Colômbia. Conclusões: A povoação Emberá Chamí, no departamento de Caldas, é uma mostra clara da situação atual das condições indígenas; destacando principalmente a interculturalidade como fenômeno irreversível e obrigatório em seu espaço e tempo. Saber como controlar esta interculturalidade é provavelmente a chave da conservação da cultura indígena em todos os resguardos de Colômbia.

Hábitos alimenticios de Leporinus friderici (Anostomidae: Teleostei) durante un ciclo hidrobiológico en el río Vaupés, Colombia / Feeding habits of Leporinus friderici (Anostomidae: Teleostei) during a hydrobiological cycle in Vaupés River, Colombia

ResumenLa especie más importante de la pesquería del río Vaupés es un pez conocido como Warakú tres puntos (Leporinus friderici), un carácido migratorio representativo del departamento del Vaupés, Colombia, de importancia para la seguridad alimentaria de comunidades indígenas. Con el propósito de contribuir en el conocimiento biológico básico de la especie, el presente estudio determinó los hábitos y preferencias alimenticias de Leporinus friderici durante un ciclo hidrobiológico (marzo 2014 a mayo 2015) en el río Vaupés, Colombia. Fueron muestreados tres lugares, dos a lo largo del río Vaupés (comunidades indígenas de Yacayacá y Santa Cruz) y uno en el río Cuduyarí afluente del río Vaupés (comunidad de Piracemo). Se analizaron 316 contenidos estomacales aplicando los métodos de frecuencia de ocurrencia (FO), índice gravimétrico (W), coeficiente de vacuidad (CV) e índice de importancia relativa (IIR). De igual modo, se determinaron parámetros físicos y químicos del agua superficial y profunda. La profundidad del río en época de aguas ascendentes fue de 3.7 ± 0.6 m, aguas altas de 5.9 ± 1.4 m, aguas descendentes 4.6 ± 1.3 m y en aguas bajas 2.4 ± 1.0 m; se registró mayor acidez y turbidez del agua en las ascendentes. El CV fue de 14.5 %; sin embargo, el CV alcanzó un valor del 40 % en aguas ascendentes. En general se observó una mayor FO de material vegetal en los estómagos de los individuos muestreados (44.4-66.7 %), seguido por los insectos (21.1-33.3 %, dietas secundarias). Los índices gravimétricos reflejaron que el material vegetal fue el ítem consumido en mayor cantidad, seguido de los insectos y en casi igual proporción invertebrados y material animal. Las diferencias en la composición de la dieta confirman la naturaleza oportunista de esta especie con predominio de hábitos omnívoros.Este estudio puede ser utilizado como parte integral del conocimiento de la ecología trófica de la especie, con el fin de crear estrategias para la protección del L. friderici en la región del Vaupés.

AbstractThe most important fish species of the Vaupes river is known as a Warakú tres puntos (Leporinus friderici), the most representative migratory Characidae from the Vaupés state, Colombia, with a significant importance in food security of indigenous communities. To contribute with the knowledge of its basic biology, we determined the habits and food preferences of Leporinus friderici, during one hydrobiological cycle (March 2014 to May 2015) in the Vaupés river, Colombia. Three sites were sampled, two of them along the Vaupés river (Yacayacá and Santa Cruz communities) and the other one in the Cuduyarí river, tributary of the Vaupés river (Piracemo community). Physical and chemical water parameters from the surface and depth level of the river were determined. Stomach contents from 316 fish were analyzed by frequency of occurrence (FO), gravimetric index, vacuity index (VI) and relative importance index (RII). Vaupés's average depth in ascending water period was of 3.7 ± 0.6 m, during rainy season of 5.9 ± 1.4 m, in descending water period of 4.6 ± 1.3 m and during dry season of 2.4 ± 1.0 m. The higher acidity and turbidity were observed during the ascending water period. The average VI was 14.5 % for the period, but it reached 40 % in descending waters. In general, a FO of plant material was the most frequent (44.4-66.7 %), followed by insects (21.1-33.3 %, secondary diets). The gravimetric indices showed that plant material was the most consumed item, followed by insects, and in almost in equal proportion, invertebrates and animal material. The differences in diet composition confirm the opportunistic nature of this species with a predominance of omnivorous habits. This study can be used as an integral part of the feeding ecology of L. friderici knowledge, in order to develop strategies for its protection in the Vaupés region because of its importance for local communities.

Comunidades Embera y Wounaan del departamento de Chocó: prácticas de cuidado durante el proceso de gestación / Communities Wounaan and Embera Chocó department: care practices during pregnancy

OBJETIVO: describir las prácticas durante el proceso de gestación en las comunidades Embera y Wounaan del departamento de Chocó. METODOLOGIA: se realizó un estudio cualitativo de tipo exploratorio, por medio de entrevistas en profundidad a mujeres indígenas gestantes, mujeres indígenas líderes en salud y hombres líderes y promotores de los pueblos Embera y Wounaan del departamento de Chocó, para un total de 19 entrevistas, y se utilizó el diseño metodológico de Taylor y Bogdan para el análisis de las mismas. RESULTADOS : las comunidades realizan unas prácticas durante la gestación enfocadas básicamente en los cuidados buscados por la pareja para la gestante, cuidados ofrecidos por la familia a la gestante, alimentación durante la gestación y actividades realizadas por la gestante. CONCLUSION:las comunidades Embera y Wounaan realizan diversas prácticas de cuidado alrededor de la gestación que propenden por la protección de la vida de la gestante y del bebé, es así como la pareja, la familia y la comunidad en algunos momentos acompañan a la mujer.

OBJECTIVE: to describe the care practices during pregnancy of the Embera and Wounaan communities from the Chocó department. METHODOLOGY: an exploratory qualitative study was carried out;data was collected through in-depth interviews with pregnant indigenous women, indigenous women who are health leaders in their communities and with men who are leaders and promoters among the Wounaan and Embera communities in the Chocó department.A total of 19 interviews were conducted and the Taylor & Bogdan methodological design was used to analyze them. RESULTS :the practices performed by these communities during pregnancy mainly involve the mother being taken care of by her partner and their family; they also involve a particulardiet during gestation as well assome activities of the mother. CONCLUSION:the Wounaan and Embera communities perform various care practices regarding pregnancy in order to protect the life of both the mother and her child. As a result of this, the partner, the family and, at times, the community support the mother.

Efectividad de la funcionalidad familiar en familias con adolescentes gestantes en el Municipio de Puerto Asis Departamento del Putumayo  / Effectiveness of family functionality in families with pregnant adolescents in the Municipality of Puerto Asis, Department of Putumayo

El estudio tiene como objetivo describir y comparar la efectividad de la funcionalidad familiar de las familias con adolescentes gestantes de 15 a 19 años pertenecientes a la cabecera municipal y las pertenecientes a comunidades indígenas, de un Hospital de Segundo Nivel en el Municipio de Puerto Asís, del mes de Julio al mes de Septiembre del 2013 en el Servicio de Ginecología. Desde la perspectiva teórica de la Organización Sistémica de Marie L. Friedemann. El diseño corresponde a un estudio de tipo descriptivo, comparativo de corte transversal con abordaje cuantitativo. La recolección de datos se realizó mediante la aplicación del instrumento "Escala de Evaluación de la efectividad de la funcionalidad familiar" versión en español de M. L. Friedemann. Los datos de caracterización de las familias fueron obtenidos mediante la aplicación de una encuesta sociodemográfica. La muestra estudiada constituye dos grupos de familias con adolescentes gestantes de las cuales el 50% pertenecen a las comunidades indígenas y la otra mitad a la cabecera municipal, para un total de 136 familias. El predominio de edad para las adolescentes gestantes pertenecientes a la Cabecera Municipal fue de diecisiete (17) años con un 29.41%, mientras que el rango de la edad gestacional predominante fue de 26-30 semanas de gestación con un 29.4%. Por otro lado, la edad de las adolescentes gestantes pertenecientes a las comunidades con mayor porcentaje fue de dieciséis (16) años con un 32.35%, mientras que el rango de la edad gestacional con mayor numero fue de treinta y uno a treinta y seis (31-36) semanas de gestación con un 35.28%. La efectividad de la funcionalidad familiar de las familias con adolescentes gestantes es similar en ambos grupos tanto en la cabecera municipal como en las comunidades indígenas. El nivel bajo de Efectividad de la Funcionalidad Familiar fue de (94.11%) y (95.58%) respectivamente, seguido del nivel intermedio de Funcionalidad Familiar con un (5.8%) y (4.41%) respectivamente. En conclusión, la evaluación de la Efectividad de la Funcionalidad Familiar es un proceso dinámico entre las dimensiones y las metas de los sistemas familiares del estudio, aspectos que son medidos por la Escala ASF-E de Marie Louis Friedeman. El hecho de que se haya presentado con predominancia en ambos grupos estudiados un nivel bajo e intermedio de Funcionalidad Familiar, significa para enfermería una oportunidad de intervenir de manera positiva para mejorar estos niveles, teniendo en cuenta los puntos de quiebre que pueden ser modificados y convertirlos en potencialidades por cada miembro de la familia para que se vea reflejado a nivel general dentro del sistema familiar.

The study aims to describe and compare the effectiveness of family functioning of families with pregnant adolescents 15 to 19 years belonging to the county seat and from indigenous communities, a Level II Hospital in the town of Puerto Asís the month of July to September of 2013 in the Department of Gynecology. From the theoretical perspective of Systemic Organization of Marie L. Friedemann, The design was a descriptive study, type of cross-sectional comparative quantitative approach. Data collection was performed by application of the instrument "Scale Evaluation of the effectiveness of family functioning "Spanish version of M. L. Friedemann. The characterization data of the families were obtained by applying a sociodemographic survey. The study sample represents two groups of families with pregnant teenagers of which 50% belong to the indigenous communities and the other half to the county seat, for a total of 136 families. The prevalence of age for pregnant adolescents belonging to the Municipal Head was (17) years with one (29.41 %) and the range of the predominant gestational age was 26-30 weeks gestation with one (29.4 %). While age for pregnant adolescents from communities with the highest percentage was (16) years with one (32.35%) and gestational age range with the highest number was (31-36) weeks of gestation with (35.28 %). The effectiveness of family functioning of families with pregnant adolescents is similar in both groups, both in the municipal seat as of the indigenous communities. The low level of effectiveness of Family Functionality was (94.11 %) and (95.58 %), respectively, followed by the intermediate level with Family Functionality (5.8 %) and (4.41 %) respectively. In conclusion, the evaluation of the effectiveness of Family Functionality is a dynamic process between dimensions and goals of family systems study , aspects that are measured by the ASF -E Scale Friedeman Marie Louis . The fact that it was submitted predominance in both groups studied low and intermediate level Family Functionality means an opportunity for nurses to intervene in a positive way to improve these levels , considering the break points that can be modified and convert in potential for each member of the family to be reflected across the board within the family system.

Educación para la salud: una experiencia con población indígena del departamento de chocó / Educação em saúde: uma experiência com indígenas do estado de chocó / Health education: an experience with indigenous population from the department of chocó

Objetivo: Desarrollar acciones de base comunitaria con la población indígena del departamento de Chocó, entre el periodo comprendido entre diciembre de 2010 y abril de 2013, utilizando la educación para la salud con enfoque diferencial como un medio de transformación de sus realidades, contribuyendo así al mejoramiento de sus condiciones de salud y nutrición. Metodología: Se realizó un proceso de educación para la salud, en el marco de la Investigación-Acción-Participación, que buscó aportar elementos para la modificación de algunas condiciones de salud y nutrición de las niñas y niños del departamento de Chocó; las fases desarrolladas fueron: diagnóstico-exploración, realización de acciones y programación-acción. Se trabajó en todo el proceso con 185 personas representantes de autoridades étnico-territoriales, líderes indígenas en salud, hombres, mujeres, niñas y niños indígenas. Resultados: Producto del proceso realizado durante tres años, mediante un trabajo participativo y consensuado, se abordaron algunas temáticas de salud y nutrición a través de la promoción de acciones clave para trabajar de manera comunitaria y familiar con las comunidades indígenas, con metodologías adaptadas a sus realidades y materiales educativos con enfoque diferencial e incluyente. Conclusiones: De acuerdo a los resultados se permite identificar la Investigación-Acción Participativa como una estrategia metodológica que posibilita transformaciones de las realidades de las comunidades indígenas en relación con su situación de salud y nutrición...

Forest-Based Medicinal Plants Rendering their Services to the Rural Community of Assam, India.

Forests are the main biological resource areas from where reportedly 80% of the medicinal plants are collected by the rural communities of the state. Traditional folk medicines, mainly based on plants, occupy a significant position today, especially in the developing countries, where modern health care service is limited. Medicinal plants are gaining global importance owing to the fact that herbal drugs are cost-effective, easily available and most reportedly, with negligible side effects. Safe, effective and inexpensive indigenous remedies had been practiced by the people of both tribal and rural society of Assam from time immemorial. Therefore, the need of the hour is to harness this natural resource sustainably for the socio-economic development of the indigenous communities. Hence, a strategy for sustainable harvesting practice needs to be developed that would ensure preservation of the valuable medicinal plants in situ while addressing the needs of the rural communities. The present study is, thus, an attempt to highlight the common medicinal plants of forested region as used by the rural poor community for different kinds of treatment as the rural local healers usually practice for treatment of diseases in their locality.

Dislipidemias en comunidades pehuenches de Alto Biobio chileno / Dyslipidemias in Pehuenche communities from Chilean Alto Bio Bio

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de 400 habitantes (mayores de 15 años de edad) de las comunidades pehuenches de Alto Biobio en Chile, de mayo a octubre del 2011, a fin de determinar la prevalencia de dislipidemias en esta población. La información necesaria se recolectó sobre la base de la normativa y los criterios del Ministerio de Salud y como resultados generales de las concentraciones plasmáticas promedio y la prevalencia de dislipidemias figuraron: colesterol total de 169,20 ±26,36 mg/dL y 8,2 %; lipoproteínas de baja densidad de 89,93 ±23,31 mg/dL y 4,5 %; triglicéridos de 145,89 ±48,96 mg/dL y 53,0 %; y lipoproteínas de alta densidad de 50 ±8,87 mg/dL y 28,3 %. Las cifras fueron inferiores en el grupo etario de 15-24 años y en personas de ascendencia pehuenche, con una pobre asociación a sobrepeso u obesidad abdominal; en general, resultaron menores a las de los citadinos.

A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out in 400 people (over 15 years) from Pehuenche communities of the Chilean Alto Biobio, from May to October 2011, in order to determine the prevalence of dyslipidemias in this population. Necessary information was collected on the basis of regulations and criteria of the Ministry of Health, and as general results of average plasma levels and prevalence of dyslipìdemia were: total cholesterol 169.20 ± 26.36 mg/dL and 8.2%; low-density lipoproteins 89.93 ± 23.31 mg/dL and 4.5%; triglycerides 145.89 ± 48.96 mg/dL and 53.0%; and high-density lipoproteins 50 ±8.87 mg/dL and 28.3%. The values were lower in the age group of 15-24 years and in Pehuenche people with poor association with abdominal obesity or overweight; in general, they were lower than those of the city people.

Una experiencia de gestión participativa de la biodiversidad con comunidades amazónicas

El Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana - IIAP, Nature and Culture International (NCI) junto con comunidades locales, el Gobierno Regional de Loreto y otras organizaciones privadas, han estado desarrollando en la última década un modelo de cogestión comunitaria de la biodiversidad amazónica, con resultados muy promisorios. En el presente trabajo se analizan los principales logros de este modelo. En las tres cuencas donde se ejecutaron estos proyectos (Tahuayo, Yanayacu del Amazonas y Nanay) observamos la reversión de los procesos de degradación de recursos y eco sistemas, la reducción significativa de la tala, pesca y caza ilegales, y de la cosecha destructiva de recursos; también han mejorado significativamente algunos indicadores económicos de las poblaciones locales involucradas gracias a la comercialización de productos con valor agregado y la recuperación de las pesquerías, la fauna silvestre y otros recursos. Las líneas maestras de este enfoque fueron: (1) conservación productiva (conservación como negocio, esto es, recuperar recursos de flora y fauna silvestres y conservarlos productivamente para la gente, generando ingresos); (2) manejo adaptativo (medidas sencillas de manejo diseñadas y adoptadas progresivamente por las propias comunidades con apoyo de los técnicos, siguiendo el modelo de investigación participativa); (3) enfoque ecosistémico (conservación de grandes paisajes, especialmente cuencas y ecosistemas completos, incluyendo procesos ecológicos priorizados, como migraciones estacionales de peces, y conservación de áreas fuente); (4) uso y rentabilización del bosque en pie (priorizar generación de ingresos de recursos silvestres manejados vs. cambio de uso del bosque); (5) participación de todos los actores, desde las comunidades locales organizadas debidamente consultadas hasta las empresas privadas, las instituciones públicas y los tomadores de decisión; (6) desarrollo de cadenas productivas completas, con agregación de valor a productos de la biodiversidad y articulación al mercado; (7) gestión adaptativa (decisiones tomadas localmente, y adecuación progresiva de las instituciones y normas de acuerdo a las capacidades de las comunidades).

For the past 10 years, the Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana (Peruvian Amazon Research Institute) - IIAP, Nature and Culture International (NCI), together with local communities, the Regional Government of Loreto, and other private organizations, have been developing a community co-management model for the Amazonian biodiversity, with very promising results. In the three basins where such co-management projects were implemented (Tahuayo, Yanayacu and Nanay), we are seeing a concrete evidence of reversals in the processes of degradation of resources and ecosystems. In each of these basins, a significant reduction in logging, illegal fishing and hunting, and destructive harvesting methods of resources can be found as a directresult of the co-management model. Significant economic improvements to local communities are achieved mainly due to the commercialization of value-added biodiversity products, as well as the recovery of fisheries, wildlife and other resources. The main principles of this model are : (1) productive conservation (conservation as a business, that is to recover flora and fauna resources and their management in ways that allow income generation); (2) adaptive management (simple management actions designed and progressively adopted by the communities and accompanied with technical support); (3) eco-systemic approach (conservation of large landscapes, especially watersheds, prioritized ecological processes such as fishs seasonal migrations, and conservation of source areas); (4) making use of standing forest (to prioritize revenues from sustainable use of forest vs. cutting down the forest); (5) participation of all stakeholders from the organized and properly consulted local communities, to private enterprises, public institutions and all decision-makers; (6) development of complete productive chains with value-added biodiversity products and insertion in markets; (7) adaptive management (progressive adjustment of institutions and norms according to communities capacities).

Who 'owns' the findings: Considerations when conducting research with indigenous communities

This presentation will discuss considerations for the researcher undertaking research in indigenous communities. It will argue that hegemonic practices which have privileged the position of the 'researcher' over that of the 'researched' have further reinforced colonial practices by the appropriation of indigenous intellectual and cultural knowledge to the benefit of those undertaking the research.  It will argue that research methodologies are required which are ethical, truthful and useful. Drawing upon research undertaken in the Pacific Rim it will describe the emergence of methodologies which are culturally relevant and appropriate for indigenous research.

Efectos de una intervención a familiares de consumidores de alcohol en una región indígena en México / Effects of intervention on relatives of alcohol consumers in an indigenous community in Mexico

The 2008 National Addictions Survey reports that dependence on alcohol consumption is higher in Mexico's rural and indigenous communities (10.6%) than in urban areas (9.5%), and that its consequences for the social and health environment are correspondingly greater. This is compounded by the marginalization and poverty of these regions and the scant resources available for dealing with health, particularly alcoholism. The study was carried out in the indigenous zone of El Mezquital in the state of Hidalgo. In this state, the National Addictions Survey (2008) reports that daily consumption is 1.4% and habitual consumption is 6.6% while the index of abuse and dependence is 6.8%, all of which are above the national mean of 0.8%, 5.3% and 5.5%, respectively. One of the consequences is having a mortality rate for hepatic cirrhosis of 40.2 for every 100 000 inhabitants, making this the area with the highest mortality rate from this cause in Mexico, which has an average rate of 26.3 cirrhosis-related deaths for every 100 000 inhabitants. The family is the most immediate group affected by the alcoholism of one of its members, which has severe implications for the psychological and physical health of the other members. Since little is known about the way families in Mexico's indigenous or rural zones deal with this problem, a research project was carried out to find out more about the situation. To this end, an ethnographic study was undertaken to identify the role of alcohol in everyday life and determine families' needs for support and the cultural challenges that must be overcome to undertake an intervention. The results of the ethnographic exploration showed that alcohol consumption is a deeply-ingrained custom in the community that provides group identity and solidarity, particularly for men. Its consumption is closely linked to work, particularly agricultural activities and construction. One important aspect was women's complaints that they did not know what to do about the consequences of excess alcohol consumption on the family's health and economy. In addition to this, a powerful patriarchal influence was identified that prevented women from seeking psychological assistance for the problem of alcohol abuse, which is essentially male. Poverty is one of the characteristics of the desert area of El Mezquital where this study was carried out. It constitutes yet another obstacle to seeking and requesting help, partly because of the adverse geographical conditions that limit transport. In addition to the scant transport services, there are communities in which the nearest health center is just over an hour's walk away. Moreover, families' scant resources are used to cover basic needs, ignoring both physical and mental health aspects. On the basis of an ethnographic study, an intervention program was linguistically and culturally adapted to provide support for families. This resulted in a specialized manual suitable for the region, designed to train health professionals to help relatives cope with a family member's excess consumption. This intervention was carried out between 2008 and 2009 and the results are presented in this study. Intervention model This brief intervention, based on the stress-coping-health model, is designed to help relatives find means of coping with their relatives' consumption in a more beneficial way for their health and to establish or strengthen support networks on the basis of their needs. Three coping styles have been documented: committed, tolerant and independent. The intervention consists of five steps that can be carried out in approximately five sessions. These involve: 1. Exploring family concerns; 2. Providing essential information on the effects of alcohol consumption; 3. Analyzing the coping styles used; 4. Exploring social support networks; and 5. Referring family members to specialized care, where necessary. Through these five stops, the intervention seeks to: a) Reduce the presence of physical and psychological symptomatology; b) Improve coping styles in a way that will benefit the relative's mental health and c) Reduce the presence of depressive symptomatology. Method Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of the brief intervention on relatives of a person who consumes excess amounts of alcohol and to compare these results with relatives who, despite having the same problem, refused to participate in the intervention program. Procedure: the intervention was carried out by two psychologists (facilitators). Health center personnel referred relatives to the facilitators (group that experienced the intervention). The intervention ended when the women felt confident enough to be able to use the new coping styles, which took between 4 and 6 sessions (which lasted from 6 to 8 weeks). The <

El consumo de alcohol en la región indígena del Estado de Hidalgo representa un problema de salud importante. Según la ENA 2008, el consumo diario es de 1.4%, el consuetudinario de 6.6% y el índice de abuso y dependencia de 6.8%, todos por encima de la media nacional de 0.8, 5.3 y 5.5%, respectivamente. Hidalgo presentó en 2007 una tasa de mortalidad por cirrosis hepática de 40.2 por cada 100 000 habitantes, primer lugar del país, que en promedio tiene una tasa de 26.3 habitantes por cada 100 000. La familia es el grupo más inmediato que se ve afectado por el consumo de alcohol, con implicaciones graves para la salud psicológica y física de sus miembros. Para conocer cómo enfrentan esta situación las familias en zonas indígenas del Estado de Hidalgo, se llevó a cabo un estudio etnográfico donde se encontró que el consumo de alcohol es una costumbre arraigada en la comunidad, que proporciona identidad y solidaridad de grupo. Un resultado relevante del estudio fue la queja de las mujeres de no saber qué hacer frente a las consecuencias que tiene el consumo excesivo de alcohol en la familia, así como la fuerte influencia patriarcal que limita a las mujeres para solicitar apoyo psicológico. La pobreza, las difíciles condiciones geográficas, transportes insuficientes y la prioridad de resolver necesidades básicas limitan la búsqueda de apoyo profesional. Como resultado de la exploración etnográfica, se identificó la necesidad de atención a las familias para encontrar mejores formas de enfrentar la problemática; por ello se adaptó un programa para ofrecer acciones de apoyo a familias indígenas. La intervención se llevó a cabo entre 2008 y 2009, los resultados se presentan en este trabajo. Modelo de atención: La intervención breve tiene como meta ayudar a los familiares a encontrar formas de enfrentar las situaciones de consumo de manera más benéfica para su salud y establecer o fortalecer redes de apoyo. Consta de cinco pasos: 1. Escuchar la problemática del familiar, 2. Brindar información relevante, 3. Analizar los estilos de enfrentamiento utilizados, 4. Búsqueda de fuentes de apoyo y 5. Canalización en caso de requerir atención especializada. Éstos se llevan a cabo en aproximadamente cinco sesiones. Material y método Objetivo: Evaluar los efectos de la intervención breve sobre la presencia de sintomatología física y psicológica, los estilos de enfrentamiento utilizados y la presencia de sintomatología depresiva, en personas que conviven con un familiar con consumo excesivo de alcohol. Muestra: 60 mujeres entre 18 y 65 años con problemas por el consumo de alcohol de un familiar (esposo o padre). Se integraron dos grupos, uno con intervención y otro sin ella. Para formar el primero, el personal de los centros de salud canalizó a los familiares con las orientadoras (dos psicólogas) para recibir atención, que concluía una vez que las mujeres manifestaban confianza para utilizar nuevos estilos de enfrentamiento, lo que ocurrió entre las sesiones cuatro y seis. El <

Percepción de calidad de vida laboral en trabajadores de comunidades indígenas pemón de la gran sabana venezolana: [revisión] / Perception of quality of work life among workers from pemón indigenous communities of the great savannah in Venezuela: [review]

Antecedentes: Desde marzo de 2009 hasta septiembre de 2010 se han realizado trabajos de campo para elaborar un entramado teórico–descriptivo sobre la percepción de calidad de vida laboral en emprendedores de comunidades indígenas de la etnia Pemón. Objetivo: Describir, con base a la Teoría Fundamentada, la percepción de calidad de vida laboral en trabajadores de la etnia Pemón. Metodología: Las observaciones fueron realizadas hasta que se consideró que se estaba en presencia de la “saturación de datos”, tal como exigen los principios de la Teoría Fundamentada (Grounded Theory) como método de investigación válido tanto para el análisis de los datos como para la creación de teorías; se asumió lo multimetódico del cualitativismo y se utilizaron como técnicas la observación, registro fotográfico y entrevistas en profundidad. Resultados: En términos generales, todos los informantes claves tienen una percepción positiva del trabajo, expresión por la cual queremos decir que tienen sólo buenas opiniones sobre los resultados que consiguen con las actividades laborales que ejecutan. Conclusión: Se destaca la importancia de contar con un constructo teórico sobre calidad de vida laboral para etnias, ya que la revisión bibliométrica realizada demostró su inexistencia.

Background: Between March 2009 and September 2010, field work was conducted in order to elaborate a theoretical-descriptive framework about perception of the quality of life work among entrepreneurs belonging to Pemón indigenous communities. Objective: To describe, on the basis of the grounded theory, the perception of the quality of lifework of workers from Pemón communities. Methodology: Observations were carried out until itwas considered that data saturation was reached just as the principles of the grounded theory state, as a research method which is valid not only for data analysis but also creation of theories. The multimethod aspect of the qualitativism was assumed and observation, photographic records and in depth interviews were used astechniques. Results: In general terms, all the key informants have a positive perception of work, that is, they only have good opinion about the results achieved with their work. Conclusion: Counting on a theoretical construct about quality of life work for indigenouscommunities is of remarkable importance, because the bibliometricrevision by the authors proved its non-existence.

Defensa del territorito nasa frente a un parque nacional / Defense f the naasa territory against a national park

En Colombia, las autoridades de Parques Nacionales Naturales y algunas autoridades de los Resguardos Indígenas, pretenden coordinar actividades para la conservación de las áreas protegidas, a través de la aplicación de la "Política de Parques con la Gente" con base en la legislación de protección ambiental y cultural. Sin embargo, estas áreas protegidas tienen razones jurídicas, económicas y sociales, que dificultan el desarrollo de acuerdos para la protección y conservación de la diversidad biológica y cultural. A partir de un estudio de caso, sobre el relacionamiento entre los funcionarios del Parque Nacional Natural Nevado del Huila y los líderes de los Resguardos Indígenas Nasa de Toribío, se realizará la descripción de tensiones existentes entre las partes, con el fin de que la experiencia obtenida durante el desarrollo de esta etnografía sea de utilidad para aquellas personas que trabajan en favor de la conservación de las áreas protegidas.

In Colombia the Natural National Parks authorities and some Indigenous reservation authorities intend to coordinate activities aimed at the conservation of protected areas, by means of the application of the "Parks with People" Policy based on the legislation for environmental and cultural protection. However, these protected areas possess judicial, economical and social reasons that complicate the development of agreements for the protection and conservation of the biological and cultural diversity. Based on a study case, on the relationship between employs of the Natural National Park Nevado del Huila and the leaders of the Nasa Toribio Indigenous reservation, a description of the tensions between both parties will be carried out, in order to promote de usefulness of the ethnographical experience among the people that work in favor of the conservation of protected areas.

Personalidade jurídica e cidadania coletiva na Bolívia: uma etnografia da identificação jurídica e a formação de espaços públicos / Personnalité juridique et citoyenneté collective en Bolivie: une ethnographie de l'identification juridique et la formation d'espaces publics / Corporate entity and collective citizenship in Bolivia: an ethnographic perspective on identification papers and formation of public spaces

One of the specificities of the Bolivian social formation is the coexistence of social and territorial organizations with a longstanding historical tradition. The current analysis focuses on the formation of citizenship in Bolivian society, in which the collective dimension is affirmed in the struggles, demands, and exercise of rights, as well as in the various modalities of extension of rights stemming from the state. The current study argues that during the neoliberal period in Bolivia, a series of policies oriented towards restructuring of the state deepened the collective dimension of citizenship as both status and participation, with the certificate of incorporation as the maximum symbolic expression.

L'une des spécificités de la formation sociale bolivienne est la coexistence d'organisations sociales et territoriales ayant une longue tradition historique. Dans cet article, on examine la formation de la citoyenneté dans la société bolivienne, là où la dimension collective s'affirme dans les luttes, les demandes et l'exercice des droits, ainsi que dans les modalités d'extension des droits accordés par l'État. On affirme ici que, pendant la période néolibérale en Bolivie, un ensemble de politiques orientées vers la restructuration de l'État a approfondi la dimension collective de la citoyenneté comme statut et comme participation, sa plus haute expression symbolique étant le document de la personnalité juridique.